افقه، سید مرتضی؛ منصوری، سید امین؛ ملتفت و حسین و بهاروند، پرستو (1401). بررسی اثر تغییرات جمعیتی و سرمایه انسانی بر رشد اقتصادی در ایران.
نشریه اقتصاد باثبات، 3(1)، 161-185.
10.22111/sedj.2022.40383.1142
بالونژادنوری، روزبه و شهیدی، آمنه (1404). بررسی رابطه غیرخطی مستقیم و معکوس نرخ ارز و بازدهی بازار سهام در ایران.
مجله توسعه و سرمایه، 2(10)، 125-146. DOI:
10.22103/jdc.2024.23602.1474
بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ایران. (1401). گزارش اقتصادی سالانه.
https://cbi.ir/category/EconomicReport_fa.aspx
شکوهی فرد، سیامک؛ ابوالحسنی، اصغر و فرهنگ، امیرعلی (1400). اثرات فساد بر شکنندگی مالی در ایران: رهیافت رگرسیون کوانتایل.
مجله توسعه و سرمایه، 6(2)، 93-110.
10.22103/jdc.2021.18460.1169
فرهنگ، امیرعلی؛ هاشمی دیزج، عبدالرحیم؛ محمدپور، علی و اشجع، مهدی (1402). تأثیر انرژیهای تجدیدپذیر، نوآوریهای تکنولوژیکی و کیفیت صادرات بر انتشار گاز دیاکسیدکربن.
نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست، ۸(۳)، 6976-6986.
10.22034/jess.2022.351872.1825
فرهنگ، امیرعلی (1401). اثرات ساختار مالی بر امید به زندگی (رهیافت Cup-FM).
مجله توسعه و سرمایه، 7(1)، 121-134.
22103/jdc.2022.19233.1221
گجراتی، دمودار (1392). اقتصاد سنجی کاربردی: همراه با نرم افزار Eviesws و Stata. ترجمه دکتر نادر مهرگان و دکتر لطفعلی عاقلی. انتشارات نشر نور علم.
https://www.gisoom.com/book/44789430
محمدی، تیمور و امیدوار، سیروس (1394). اثرات متقابل سرمایه انسانی و نهادها بر فرایند رشد اقتصادی و اشارات آن برای اقتصاد ایران.
فصلنامه پژوهشهای اقتصادی (رشد و توسعه پایدار)، 15(1)، 185-208.
https://ecor.modares.ac.ir/article_13282.html
مرکز آمار ایران. (1402). گزارش شاخصهای کلان اقتصادی.
https://amar.org.ir/Portals/0/Articles/Roshd-paeez1402
مظفری، زانا (1400). اثر سرمایه انسانی بر رشد اقتصادی ایران؛ رهیافت GMM در سریهای زمانی و منطق فازی.
فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی، ۵۶(۱۳۴)، 145-172.
10.22059/jte.2021.324398.1008473
منتظری شورکچالی، جلال و زاهد غروی، مهدی (1401). اثر نابرابری درآمدی بر رشد اقتصادی کشورهای در حال توسعه: شواهدی از الگوی رگرسیون آستانهای پانلی (PTR).
نشریه اقتصاد و الگوسازی، ۱۳(۵۱)، ۱۴۷-۱۸۱.
https://doi.org/10.48308/jem.2023.229444.1796
References
Abida, Z., & Abdellaoui, H. (2024). Institutions, human capital, and economic growth in the Maghreb countries.
Journal of the Knowledge Economy,
16(2), 7085-7111.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02052-2
Acheampong, A. O., Adebayo, T. S., Dzator, J., & Koomson, I. (2023). Income inequality and economic growth in BRICS: Insights from non-parametric techniques.
The Journal of Economic Inequality,
21(3), 619-640. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-023-09576-8
Afghah, S. M., Mansouri, S. A., Motalefat, H., & Baharvand, P. (2022). Investigating the effect of demographic changes and human capital on economic growth in Iran.
Journal of Stable Economy, 3
(1), 161-185.
https://doi.org/10.22111/sedj.2022.40383.1142 [In Persian].
Aghion, P. (1998). Endogenous growth theory. MIT Press.
Ali, A. K., & Asfaw, D. M. (2023). Nexus between inflation, income inequality, and economic growth in Ethiopia.
PLoS ONE,
18(11), e0294454. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294454
Awode, S. S., & Oduola, M. O. (2025). The interplay between technological innovation and human capital development in driving industrial productivity and competitiveness in Africa.
Journal of Economics and Development,
27(1), 56-71. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1108/JED-07-2024-0150
Balounjadenori, R., & Shahidi, A. (2025). Investigating the nonlinear direct and inverse relationship between the exchange rate and stock market returns in Iran.
Journal of Development and Capital,
2(10), 125-146.
https://doi.org/10.22103/jdc.2024.23602.1474 [In Persian].
Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1497019
Barro, R. J. (2000). Inequality and growth in a panel of countries.
Journal of Economic Growth,
5(1), 5-32.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009850119329
Broughel, J., & Thierer, A. D. (2019). Technological innovation and economic growth: A brief report on the evidence. Mercatus Center at George Mason University.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3346495
Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. (2022). Annual economic report.
cbi.ir/category/EconomicReport [In Persian].
Chang, B. H. (2020). Oil prices and E7 stock prices: An asymmetric evidence using multiple threshold nonlinear ARDL model.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
27(35), 44183-44194.
10.1007/s11356-020-10305-1
Chatterjee, S., Chaudhuri, R., & Vrontis, D. (2022). Knowledge sharing in international markets for product and process innovation: Moderating role of firm's absorptive capacity.
International Marketing Review,
39(3), 706-733.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-05-2021-0173
Cho, J. S., & Shin, Y. (2018). Dynamic quantile regression in time series.
Journal of Econometrics,
207(2), 248–276.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2018.06.003
Cho, J. S., Kim, T. H., & Shin, Y. (2015). Quantile cointegration in the autoregressive distributed-lag modeling framework.
Journal of Econometrics,
188(1), 281-300.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.05.006
Chowdhury, E. K., Abdullah, M. N., & Quader, S. M. (2025). The impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth: Exploring the role of technological innovation and institutional quality in South Asia.
Journal of the Knowledge Economy,
16(1), 3550-3573.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02099-1
Dahlman, C., Mealy, S., & Wermelinger, M. (2016). Harnessing the digital economy for developing countries. OECD. [
PDF].
Dincer, O. (2019). Does corruption slow down innovation? Evidence from a cointegrated panel of US states.
European Journal of Political Economy,
56, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.06.001
Easterly, W. (2007). Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument.
Journal of Development Economics,
84(2), 755-776. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.002
Ezcurra, R. (2007). Is income inequality harmful for regional growth? Evidence from the European Union.
Urban Studies,
44(10), 1953-1971. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701520285
Farhang, A. A. (2022). The effects of financial structure on life expectancy (Cup-FM approach).
Journal of Development and Capital,
7(1), 121-134.
https://doi.org/10.22103/jdc.2022.19233.1221 [In Persian].
Farhang, A., Hashemi Dizaj, A., Mohammadpour, A., & Ashja, M. (2023). The impact of renewable energy, technological innovations, and export quality on carbon dioxide emissions.
Journal of Environmental Science Studies,
8(3), 6976–6986.
https://doi.org/10.22034/jess.2022.351872.1825 [In Persian].
Freeman, C. (1994). The economics of technical change.
Cambridge Journal of Economics,
18(5), 463-514. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035286
Fu, X., Mohnen, P., & Zanello, G. (2018). Innovation and productivity in formal and informal firms in Ghana.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change,
131, 315-325.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.08.009
Gaglio, C., Kraemer-Mbula, E., & Lorenz, E. (2022). The effects of digital transformation on innovation and productivity: Firm-level evidence of South African manufacturing micro and small enterprises.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change,
182, 121785.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121785
Ghosh, T., & Parab, P. M. (2021). Assessing India's productivity trends and endogenous growth: New evidence from technology, human capital and foreign direct investment.
Economic Modelling,
97, 182-195.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.02.004
Goldin, C., & Katz, L. (2008). The race between education and technology. Harvard University Press.
Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1991). Trade, knowledge spillovers, and growth.
European Economic Review,
35(2-3), 517-526.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(91)90153-A
Gujarati, D. (2013). Applied econometrics: Accompanied by EViews and Stata software (N. Mehregan & L. Aghli, Trans.). Tehran: Noor-e Elm Publication. (Original work published 2011)
www.gisoom.com/44789430 [In Persian].
Hasanzadeh Mahmoudabad, M., Hazeri, H., & Davazdah Emami, Z. (2022). The effect of innovation on economic growth in developed and developing countries.
Journal of Innovation and Value Creation,
11(22), 1–10.
https://doi.org/20.1001.1.27170454.1401.11.22.2.6 [In Persian].
Herzer, D., & Vollmer, S. (2012). Inequality and growth: Evidence from panel cointegration.
The Journal of Economic Inequality,
10(4), 489-503. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-011-9171-6
Hotelling, H. (1933). Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components.
Journal of educational psychology,
24(6), 417-441.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0071325
Jiang, Y., Sharif, A., Anwar, A., Cong, P. T., Lelchumanan, B., Yen, V. T., & Vinh, N. T. T. (2023). Does green growth in E-7 countries depend on economic policy uncertainty, institutional quality, and renewable energy? Evidence from quantile-based regression.
Geoscience Frontiers,
14(6), 101652.
10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101652
Karamizadeh, S., Abdullah, S. M., Manaf, A. A., Zamani, M., & Hooman, A. (2013). An overview of principal component analysis.
Journal of Signal and Information Processing,
4(3), 173-175.
10.4236/jsip.2013.43B031
Karountzos, P., Gerogiannis, I., Douridas, I., Kapsimallis, N., Koukos, I., & Filka, P. (2025). Kuznets revisited: An econometric exploration of growth and inequality across 39 economies.
Journal of Comprehensive Business Administration Research,
2(4), 248-264.
https://doi.org/10.47852//bonviewJCBAR52025028
Keefer, P., & Knack, S. (2002). Polarization, politics and property rights: Links between inequality and growth.
Public Choice,
111(1), 127-154. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015167400325
Knight, J. B., & Sabot, R. H. (1983). Educational expansion and the Kuznets effect.
The American Economic Review,
73(5), 1132-1136.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1814679
Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression quantile. Econometrica,
46(1), 33-49.
10.2307/1913643
Koenker, R., & Hallock, K. F. (2001). Quantile regression.
Journal of Economic Perspectives,
15(4), 143-156.
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.4.143
Kouakou, A. K. (2011). Economic growth and electricity consumption in Cote d'Ivoire: Evidence from time series analysis.
Energy Policy,
39(6), 3638-3644.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.069
Kozul-Wright, R. (2019). Inequality in developing countries: The way forward.
Development Policy Review,
37(4), 499-517.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12392
Lahouij, H. (2017). The effects of income inequality on economic growth evidence from MENA countries.
Economic Modelling,
64, 392-407.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.04.011
Lee, K. K., & Vu, T. V. (2020). Economic complexity, human capital and income inequality: A cross-country analysis.
The Japanese Economic Review,
71(4), 695-718.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42973-019-00025-8
Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties.
Journal of Econometrics,
108(1), 1-24.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
Lima, G. T., Carvalho, L., & Serra, G. P. (2021). Human capital accumulation, income distribution, and economic growth: A demand-led analytical framework.
Review of Keynesian Economics,
9(3), 319-336.
https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2021.03.03
Lucas, R. E., Jr. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development.
Journal of Monetary Economics,
22(1), 3-42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth.
The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
107(2), 407-437.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2118477
Mansourlakouraj, K., Bakhtiari, S., & Ghobadi, S. (2023). The role of good governance and human capital in attracting foreign direct investment and economic growth (A selection of developing countries).
Journal of Investment Knowledge, 13(50), 263-286.
http://www.jik-ifea.ir/article_22077.html [In Persian].
Mdingi, K., & Ho, S. Y. (2021). Literature review on income inequality and economic growth.
MethodsX,
8, 101402.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101402
Mo, P. H. (2000). Income inequality and economic growth.
Kyklos,
53(3), 293-315.
10.1111/1467-6435.00121
Mohamed, M. M. A., Liu, P., & Nie, G. (2022). Causality between technological innovation and economic growth: Evidence from the economies of developing countries.
Sustainability,
14(6), 3586.
10.3390/su14063586
Mohammadi, R., & Alizadeh, S. (2023). The moderating role of technology in the inequality and growth relationship. Iranian Journal of Economic Development Studies, 13(1), 55–78. [In Persian].
Mohammadi, T., & Omidvar, S. (2015). The interactive effects of human capital and institutions on the economic growth process and its implications for the Iranian economy.
Quarterly Journal of Economic Research (Sustainable Growth and Development),
15(1), 185-208.
20.1001.1.17356768.1394.15.1.3.9 [In Persian].
Montazeri Shourkachelayi, L., & Zahed Ghorvi, M. (2022). The effect of income inequality on economic growth in developing countries: Evidence from the panel threshold regression model (PTR).
Journal of Economics and Modelling,
13(51), 147–181.
https://doi.org/10.48308/jem.2023.229444.1796 [In Persian].
Mozafari, Z. (2021). The effect of human capital on Iran's economic growth; GMM approach in time series and fuzzy logic.
Quarterly Journal of Economic Research,
56(134), 145–172.
10.22059/jte.1008473 [In Persian].
Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J. C., & Hausken, K. (2014). Inequality, economic growth and poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).
African Development Review,
26(3), 435-453.
10.1111/1467-8268.12104
Nga, L. P., & Tam, P. T. (2025). Critical factors influencing economic growth: A case study of Vietnam.
Journal of Asian Economics,
86, 101632.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2024.101632
Nusair, A. E. (2025). Income inequality and economic growth: A comparative study of developed and developing countries.
Middle East Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences,
1(1), 1-11.
mideastjournals.com/mejelss/index
O'Brien, R. M. (2017). Dropping highly collinear variables from a model: why it typically is not a good idea.
Social Science Quarterly,
98(1), 360-375.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12331
Odoardi, I., D'Ingiullo, D., & Furia, D. (2020). Human capital and the reduction of inequalities: An intra-national analysis in Italy.
Applied Economics,
52(57), 6215-6228.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1795076
OECD. (2019). Inequality and inclusive growth in advanced economies.
OECD Economic Outlook,
2019(1), 67-92.
https://doi.org/10.1787/b2e897b0-en
Oltulular, S. (2025). Human Capital Dynamics Are the Key to Economic Growth: Source of Value of the Future.
Economies,
13(8), 235.
https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13080235
Ouattara, B. (2006). Aid, debt and fiscal policies in Senegal.
Journal of International Development,
18(8), 1105-1122.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1322
Pearson, K. (1901). LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space.
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science,
2(11), 559-572.
10.1080/14786440109462720
Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. (1997). Is inequality harmful for growth?
American Economic Review,
84(3), 600-621.
https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.84.3.600
Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1998). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. In S. Strøm (Ed.), Econometrics and economic theory in the twentieth century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium (pp. 371-413). Cambridge University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521633230.011
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships.
Journal of Applied Econometrics,
16(3), 289-326.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels.
SSRN Electronic Journal.
https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3817366
Rahman, P., Zhang, Z., & Musa, M. (2023). Do technological innovation, foreign investment, trade and human capital have a symmetric effect on economic growth? Novel dynamic ARDL simulation study on Bangladesh.
Economic Change and Restructuring,
56(2), 1327-1366.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-023-09501-z
Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth.
Journal of Political Economy,
94(5), 1002-1037.
https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
Shaik, S. B., Garg, S., Yadav, U., Sarma, S., Bharati, R. K., & Badashah, S. J. (2025). Income inequality and economic growth: A critical review.
The International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Business Management, 11-15.
https://doi.org/10.69761/ijhssbm.105.52
Shokouhifard, S., Abolhasani, A., & Farhang, A. A. (2021). The effects of corruption on financial fragility in Iran: A quantile regression approach.
Journal of Development and Capital,
6(2), 93-110.
10.22103/jdc.1169 [In Persian].
Simmie, J. (2004). Innovation and clustering in the globalised international economy.
Urban Studies,
41(5-6), 1095-1112.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980410001675869
Statistical Center of Iran. (2023). Report on macroeconomic indicators.
amar.org.ir/Portals/0/Articles/Roshd-paeez1402 [In Persian].
Tetteh, C. K. (2024). R&D, innovation and labour productivity: Evidence from the manufacturing sector in Ghana.
Scientific African,
24, e02136.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02136
Uddin, M. R., Sadik, N., & Rahman, M. M. (2025). Globalization, physical capital, and human capital nexus with economic growth: Evidence from BIMSTEC.
Research in Globalization, 100284.
10.1016/j.resglo.100284
Umeghalu, C., Machi, I., & Onwuka, I. (2025). Human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria.
Tropical Africa Spectrum,
1(4).
https://doi.org/10.62465/tas.v1i4.47
Uzar, U., & Eyuboglu, K. (2024). Testing the asymmetric impacts of income inequality, financial development and human development on ecological footprint in Türkiye: A NARDL approach.
Journal of Cleaner Production,
461, 142652.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142652
Uzawa, H. (1965). Optimum technical change in an aggregative model of economic growth.
International Economic Review,
6(1), 18-31.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2525621
Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2005). Factor analysis with categorical indicators: A comparison between traditional and latent class approaches. In A. van der Ark, M. A. Croon, & K. Sijtsma (Eds.), New developments in categorical data analysis for the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 41-62). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237382875
Vo, D. H., Nguyen, T. C., Tran, N. P., & Vo, A. T. (2019). What factors affect income inequality and economic growth in middle-income countries?
Journal of Risk and Financial Management,
12(1), 40.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12010040
World Bank. (2020). Addressing income inequality in developing countries. World Development Report 2020.
https://cbi.ir/category/EconomicReport_fa.aspx
Yan, D., Sun, W., Li, P., Liu, C., & Li, Y. (2025). Effects of economic growth target on the urban-rural income gap in China: An empirical study based on the urban bias theory.
Cities,
156, 105518.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105518
Younsi, M., Bechtini, M., & Lassoued, M. (2022). Causal relationship between financial development, economic growth, and income inequality: Panel data evidence from Asian and North African countries.In M. H. Bilgin, H. Danis, E. Demir, & U. Can (Eds.), Corporate finance and financial development: An emerging market perspective on a post-crisis world (pp. 129-157). Springer. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22401-0_7
Zhou, X., & Yang, W. (2022). Economic growth and inequality: A comparative analysis of developed and developing countries.
International Review of Economics & Finance,
81, 293-311.
10.1016/j.iref.2022.05.014
